Propedeutics of internal diseases. Textbook

Contributors
Preface to the second edition
List of abbreviations and symbols
Introduction
Chapter 1. Diagnosis
1.1. Basic principles of diagnostic examination
1.2. Methods of clinical examination of the patient
1.3. Interviewing the patient
1.3.1. Systemic (clinical) interviewing of the patient
1.3.2. Ethics and technology of interviewing the
patient
1.3.2.1. Body language
1.3.2.2. Eye contact
1.3.2.3. Non-verbal support
1.3.3. Verbal techniques
1.3.3.1. Question options
1.3.3.2. Jargon
1.3.3.3. Follow-up questions
1.3.3.4. Verbal support
1.3.3.5. Silence
1.3.4. The structure of the patient's interview
1.3.4.1. General (main) complaint
1.3.4.2. History of the present disease
1.3.4.3. Interviewing on the state ofbody systems
1.3.4.4. Characteristics of the patient's personality
1.3.4.5. Past illnesses and medical interventions
performed
1.3.4.6. Family history
1.3.5. Interview methodology
1.3.5.1. Frequently asked questions
1.3.5.2. Creating a medical history
1.3.5.3. Explanations to help the patient
1.3.5.4. Medicines and over-the-counter drugs
1.3.5.5. Vaccine prophylaxis
1.3.5.6. Pregnancy
1.3.5.7. Patient's life history
1.3.5.8. The state of the body's systems
1.3.5.9. End of medical interview
1.4. Recording the patient's interview data in the
medical case record...
1.5. Difficulties in communicating with the patient
1.5.1. Patient behavior
1.5.2. Situational difficulties
1.5.2.1. Feelings of insecurity
1.5.2.2. Lack of experience
1.5.2.3. Patient's sense of use
1.6. Physical examination of the patient
1.6.1. Rules for conducting a physical examination
1.6.1.1. General examination
Questions
Answers
Chapter 2. Skin examination
2.1. Structure and methods of skin examination
2.2. Examination of the skin and subcutaneous
tissue
2.2.1. Anatomical distribution of skin changes
2.2.2. Morphology of skin lesions
2.3. Changes in the skin
2.3.1. Changes in hair and skin turgor
2.3.1.1. Hirsutism and hypertrichosis
2.3.1.2. Skin turgor
2.3.2. Dilfuse changes in skin color
2.3.2.1. Constitutive diffuse brown skin
2.3.2.2. Melanism
2.3.2.3. Acquired dilfuse brown skin color
2.3.2.4. Acquired dilfuse bluish-gray skin color
2.3.2.5. Acquired mottled bluish-gray skin color
2.3.2.6. Congenital bluish-gray skin
2.3.2.7. Acquired bluish-gray skin coloration
2.3.2.8. Acquired dilfuse yellow skin
2.3.3. Malignant melanoma
2.3.4. Decubitus
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Chapter 3. Obesity
3.1. Causes of obesity
3.2. Examination of obese patients
3.3. Manifestations and complications of obesity
3.3.1. Metabolic disorders
3.3.1.1. Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance
3.3.1.2. Diabetes mellitus
3.3.1.3. Hyperlipoproteinemia
3.3.2. Clinical manifestations and complications
3.3.2.1. Arterial hypertension
3.3.2.2. Hypoventilation syndrome
3.3.2.3. Atherosclerosis
3.4. Treatment
3.4.1. Diet
3.4.2. Physical activity
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Chapter 4. Joints
4.1. Clinical symptoms
4.1.1. Joint pain
4.1.1.1. Location
4.1.1.2. Causes
4.1.1.3. Duration of arthritis
4.1.1.4. Irradiation
4.1.1.5. Pain intensity
4.1.1.6. Relieving and provoking factors
4.1.2. Stiffness (restricted movement)
4.1.3. Swelling
4.1.4. Extra-articular symptoms
4.1.5. Raynaud's syndrome
4.2. Past history
4.3. Physical examination of the joints
4.3.1. Shoulder joints
4.3.1.1. Inspection
4.3.1.2. Palpation
4.3.1.3. Estimation of the movement amplitude
4.3.2. Hip joints
4.3.2.1. The general sequence of the examination
4.3.2.2. Inspection
4.3.2.3. Palpation
4.3.2.4. Motor activity
4.3.3. Knee joints
4.3.3.1. The general approach for the examination
4.3.3.2. Inspection
4.3.3.3. Palpation
4.3.3.4. Patellar tap
4.3.3.5. Joint stability examination
4.3.4. Spine
4.3.4.1. Cervical spine
4.3.4.2. Thoracic spine
4.3.4.3. Lumbar spine
4.4. Examination of gait, arms, legs, spine
4.4.1. Musculoskeletal system
4.4.2. Gait
4.4.3. Upper limbs
4.4.4. Shoulder joints
4.4.5. Spine
4.4.6. Lower limbs
4.5. The main diseases of the joints
4.5.1. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
4.5.2. Fibromyalgia
4.5.3. Gout
4.5.4. Pseudogout
4.5.5. Septic arthritis
4.5.6. Psoriatic arthropathy
4.5.7. Rheumatoid arthritis
4.5.8. Reiter's syndrome
4.5.9. Behqet's syndrome
4.5.10. Seronegative spondyloarthritis
4.5.11. Ankylosing spondylitis
4.5.12. Systemic sclerosis
4.5.13. Polymyalgia rheumatica
4.5.14. Vasculitis
4.5.15. Osteoarthritis
4.5.16. Systemic lupus erythematosus
4.5.17. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca syndrome
4.5.18. Sjogren's syndrome
4.5.19. Baker's cyst rupture
4.6. Laboratory diagnostics
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Chapter 5. Respiratory system
5.1. Clinical symptoms
5.1.1. Cough
5.1.1.1. Acute cough
5.1.1.2. Chronic cough
5.1.1.3. Paroxysmal cough
5.1.2. Sputum
5.1.3. Wheezing
5.1.4. Shortness ofbreath
5.1.5. Chest pain
5.2. Medical history
5.3. Physical examination
5.3.1. General examination in pulmonology
5.3.2. Chest examination
5.4. Detailed examination of the respiratory
system
5.4.1. General examination
5.4.2. Examination of the upper extremities
5.4.2.1. "Hippocratic lingers"
5.4.2.2. Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy
5.4.2.3. Pulse rate and rhythm
5.4.2.4. Flapping tremor
5.4.3. Examination of the face, eyes
5.4.3.1. Facial swelling
5.4.3.2. Homer syndrome
5.4.3.3. Cyanosis
5.4.3.4. Venous pressure in the jugular veins
5.4.4. Chest examination
5.4.4.1. Topographic sequence of chest examination
5.4.4.2. Chest mobility
5.4.4.3. Respiratory rate
5.4.4.4. Type of breathing
5.4.5. Palpation of the chest
5.4.6. Chest percussion
5.4.6.1. Comparative percussion
5.4.6.2. Topographic percussion
5.4.6.3. Height of the lung apices
5.4.6.4. Width of lung apex (Kronig's area)
5.4.6.5. Inferior lung margin
5.4.6.6. Mobility of the lower lung margin
5.4.6.7. Vocal fremitus
5.4.7. Auscultation of the lungs
5.4.7.1. Basic respiratory sounds
5.4.7.2. Adventitious respiratory sounds
5.4.7.3. Bronchophony
5.5. The main syndromes of the respiratory
system
5.5.1. Pleural effusion
5.5.2. Pulmonary consolidation
5.5.3. Tung atelectasis
5.5.4. Tung cancer
5.5.5. Pleural mesothelioma
5.5.6. Bronchiectasis
5.6. Respiratory diseases
5.6.1. Infectious diseases
5.6.2. Bronchial asthma
5.6.3. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
5.6.4. Pulmonary fibrosis
5.6.5. Emphysema
5.6.6. Pulmonary embolism
5.6.7. Pneumothorax
5.6.8. Key symptoms
5.7. Sputum examination
5.7.1. Organoleptic examination
5.7.2. Sputum microscopy
5.7.3. Bacteriological examination
5.8. Diagnostic tests
5.8.1. Study of external respiratory function
5.8.2. Bronchoscopy
5.9. X-ray examination of the chest
5.9.1. Analysis of the normal chest X-ray
5.9.2. Changes on the X-ray
5.9.2.1. Opacification of the pulmonary field
5.9.2.2. Pleural effusion, collapse and lung
consolidation
5.9.2.3. Pneumonectomy
5.9.2.4. Focal lung disease
5.9.2.5. Tung cavity
5.9.2.6. Teft ventricular dysfunction
5.9.2.7. Pulmonary fibrosis
5.9.2.8. Syndrome of radiolucency, or "black"
pulmonary field.
5.9.2.9. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
5.9.2.10. Pneumothorax
5.9.2.11. Pulmonary embolism
5.9.2.12. Changes in the heart
5.9.2.13. Changes in the roots of the lungs
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Chapter 6. Cardiovascular system
6.1. Symptoms
6.1.1. Chest pain
6.1.2. Shortness of breath (breathlessness)
6.1.2.1. Assessment of dyspnea
6.1.3. Swelling of the lower extremities
6.1.3.1. Classihcation of edema
6.1.4. Palpitations
6.2. The signihcance of clinical examination of the
cardiovascular system..
6.3. Physical examination of the cardiovascular
system
6.3.1. Face, eyes, tongue
6.3.2. Venous pulse
6.3.3. Examination of the precordium
6.3.3.1. Precordial palpation
6.3.4. Arterial pulse
6.3.5. Cardiac percussion
6.3.6. Cardiac auscultation
6.3.6.1. The method of auscultation
6.3.6.2. Auscultatory signs
6.3.6.3. Extra cardiac sounds
6.3.6.4. Additional heart sounds
6.3.6.5. Heart murmurs
6.3.6.6. Dilferential diagnosis of auscultatory signs
6.3.7. Blood pressure
6.3.7.1. Measurement of blood pressure
6.3.8. Peripheral arteries
6.3.9. Major arteries
6.4. Diagnostic tests in cardiovascular diseases
6.4.1. Chest X-ray
6.4.2. Electrocardiography
6.4.2.1. Electrocardiogram recording system
6.4.2.2. Normal electrocardiogram
6.4.2.3. Electrocardiogram analysis
6.5. Abnormalities of heart rate, rhythm and
conduction
6.5.1.1. Sinus arrhythmia
6.5.1.2. Sinus bradycardia
6.5.1.3. Sinus tachycardia
6.5.1.4. Sick sinus syndrome
6.5.1.5. Atrial tachyarrhythmias
6.5.1.6. Atrial flutter
6.5.1.7. Atrial fibrillation
6.5.1.8. Supraventricular tachycardia
6.5.1.9. AY nodal re-entrant tachycardia
6.5.1.10. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and
atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia
6.5.1.11. Ventricular premature beats (extrasystoles)
6.5.1.12. Ventricular tachycardia
6.5.1.13. T orsades de point es
6.5.1.14. Atrioventricular block and bundle branch block
6.5.1.15. Stokes-Adams-Morgagni syndrome
6.5.1.16. Bundle block and hemiblock
6.6. Heart diseases
6.6.1. Rheumatic fever (rheumatism)
6.6.2. Infective endocarditis
6.6.3. Valvular heart diseases
6.6.3.1. Mitral stenosis
6.6.3.2. Mitral regurgitation
6.6.3.3. Mixed mitral valve disease
6.6.3.4. Aortic stenosis
6.6.3.5. Aortic regurgitation (aortic insufficiency)
6.6.3.6. Mixed aortic valve disease
6.7. Atherosclerosis
6.7.1. Risk factors
6.7.1.1. Coronary artery disease
6.7.1.2. Stable angina
6.8. Investigations
6.8.1. Electrocardiography
6.8.2. Exercise testing
6.9. Angina in patients with normal coronary
arteries
6.10. Acute coronary syndrome
6.11. Systemic hypertension
6.11.1. Target organ damage
6.11.1.1. Central nervous system
6.11.1.2. Retina
6.11.1.3. Heart
6.11.1.4. Kidneys
6.11.2. Malignant arterial hypertension, or the phase
of rapidly progressing
hypertension
6.11.3. Laboratory and instrumental tests
6.12. Diseases of the myocardium
6.12.1. Myocarditis
6.12.1.1. Clinical features and research
6.12.2. Cardiomyopathy
6.12.2.1. Dilated cardiomyopathy
6.12.2.2. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
6.12.2.3. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular
cardiomyopathy
6.12.2.4. Restrictive cardiomyopathy
6.12.2.5. Obliterative cardiomyopathy
6.13. Diseases of the pericardium
6.13.1. Acute pericarditis
6.13.1.1. Pericardial effusion
6.13.1.2. Cardiac tamponade
6.13.1.3. Pericardial puncture (pericardiocentesis)
6.13.2. Chronic constrictive pericarditis
6.14. Vascular diseases
6.14.1. Raynaud's phenomenon and Raynaud's
disease
6.14.2. Aneurysms
6.14.2.1. Aortic aneurysm
6.14.2.2. Nonspecihc aneurysms
6.14.2.3. Marian's syndrome
6.14.2.4. Aortitis
6.14.2.5. Thoracic aortic aneurysm
6.14.2.6. Abdominal aortic aneurysm
6.14.2.7. Aortic dissection
6.14.2.8. Investigations
6.15. Heart failure
6.15.1. Ventricular Idling pressure
6.15.2. Left heart failure
6.15.3. Right heart failure
6.15.4. Non-cardiac heart failure
6.15.5. Clinical presentation
6.15.5.1. Left heart failure
6.15.5.2. Right heart failure
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Chapter 7. Digestive system
7.1. Features of examination of patients with
digestive system disorders....
7.2. Functional anatomy and physiology
7.2.1. Esophagus, stomach and duodenum
7.2.1.1. Gastric secretion
7.2.1.2. Gastrin, somatostatin and ghrelin
7.2.1.3. Protective factors
7.2.1.4. Small intestine
7.2.1.5. Digestion and absorption
7.2.1.6. Protective function of the small intestine
7.2.1.7. Liver
7.2.1.8. Pancreas
7.2.1.9. Colon
7.2.1.10. Regulation of gastrointestinal function
7.2.1.11. Nervous regulation of digestive tract
functions
7.2.1.12. Hormones of the digestive tract
7.3. Clinical symptoms
7.4. Examination plan for a patient with digestive
deseases
7.4.1. Examination outline
7.4.2. Interviewing
7.5. Physical examination
7.5.1. General inspection
7.5.1.1. Detailed examination
7.5.1.2. Inspection of the upper extremities
7.5.1.3. Inspection of the face, eyes and lips
7.5.1.4. Inspection of the oral cavity
7.5.1.5. Palpation of the neck
7.5.1.6. Chest examination
7.5.1.7. Abdominal examination
7.5.2. Percussion and palpation of the abdomen
7.5.2.1. Abdominal percussion
7.5.2.2. Palpation of the abdomen
7.5.2.3. Palpation of the kidneys
7.5.3. Abdominal auscultation
7.5.4. Liver examination
7.5.4.1. Percussion
7.5.4.2. Palpation
7.5.4.3. Auscultation
7.6. Diagnostic methods in gastroenterology
7.6.1. Diagnosis of structural disorders
7.6.1.1. PlainX-ray
7.6.1.2. Contrast imaging methods
7.6.1.3. Ultrasound examination, computed
tomography and magnetic
resonance imaging
7.6.1.4. Ultrasonography
7.6.1.5. Computed tomography and magnetic
resonance imaging
7.6.1.6. Cholangiography
7.6.1.7. Non-invasive diagnosis of liver hbrosis
7.6.1.8. Endoscopic examinations
7.6.1.9. Histological examination
7.6.2. Diagnosis of infectious diseases
7.6.2.1. Bacteriological examination
7.6.2.2. Serological testing
7.7. Functional methods of investigation
7.7.1. Peristalsis of the colon and rectum
7.7.2. Radioisotope methods of examination
7.7.3. Laboratory tests
7.7.3.1. Biochemical liver tests
7.7.3.2. Total blood count
7.7.3.3. Coagulation tests
7.7.3.4. Immunological tests
7.7.3.5. Morphological examination
7.8. Syndromes and diseases of the digestive
system
7.8.1. Esophageal diseases
7.8.1.1. Gastroesophageal reflux disease
7.8.1.2. Pharyngoesophageal diverticulum
7.8.1.3. Mallory-Weiss syndrome
7.8.1.4. Achalasia of the esophagus
7.8.1.5. Other causes of esophageal motility disorders
7.8.1.6. Varicose veins of the esophagus
7.8.2. Diseases of the stomach and duodenum
7.8.2.1. Acute gastritis
7.8.2.2. Chronic gastritis
7.8.2.3. Menetrier's disease
7.8.2.4. Peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum
7.8.2.5. Stomach cancer
7.8.3. Gallbladder diseases
7.8.3.1. Gallstone disease (cholelithiasis)
7.8.3.2. Cholecystitis
7.8.3.3. Acute cholangitis
7.8.3.4. Choledocholithiasis
7.8.4. Diseases of the pancreas
7.8.4.1. Pancreatitis
7.8.4.2. Pancreatic cancer
7.8.5. Liver diseases
7.8.5.1. Jaundice
7.8.5.2. Hepatomegaly
7.8.5.3. Ascites
7.8.5.4. Acute liver failure
7.8.5.5. Hepatic encephalopathy
7.8.5.6. Chronic liver disease
7.8.5.7. Cirrhosis
7.8.5.8. Biliary cholangitis
7.8.5.9. Cholangiocarcinoma
7.8.5.10. Sclerosing cholangitis
7.8.5.11. Budd-Chiari syndrome
7.8.5.12. Wilson's disease
7.8.5.13. Hepatocellular carcinoma
7.8.6. Bowel diseases
7.8.6.1. Malabsorption
7.8.6.2. Inflammatory bowel disease
7.8.6.3. Mesenteric artery thrombosis
7.8.6.4. Celiac disease
7.8.6.5. Ischemic colitis
7.8.6.6. Acute intestinal obstmction
7.8.6.7. Diverticular disease
7.8.6.8. Colon polyps
7.8.6.9. Colorectal cancer
7.8.6.10. Hemorrhoidal disease
7.8.6.11. Angiodysplasia
7.8.6.12. Carcinoid syndrome
7.8.6.13. Acute intermittent porphyria
7.8.6.14. Endocrine syndromes
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Answers
7.8.1.4. Achalasia of the esophagus
7.8.1.5. Other causes of esophageal motility disorders
7.8.1.6. Varicose veins of the esophagus
7.8.2. Diseases of the stomach and duodenum
7.8.2.1. Acute gastritis
7.8.2.2. Chronic gastritis
7.8.2.3. Menetrier's disease
7.8.2.4. Peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum
7.8.2.5. Stomach cancer
7.8.3. Gallbladder diseases
7.8.3.1. Gallstone disease (cholelithiasis)
7.8.3.2. Cholecystitis
7.8.3.3. Acute cholangitis
7.8.3.4. Choledocholithiasis
7.8.4. Diseases of the pancreas
7.8.4.1. Pancreatitis
7.8.4.2. Pancreatic cancer
7.8.5. Liver diseases
7.8.5.1. Jaundice
7.8.5.2. Hepatomegaly
7.8.5.3. Ascites
7.8.5.4. Acute liver failure
7.8.5.5. Hepatic encephalopathy
7.8.5.6. Chronic liver disease
7.8.5.7. Cirrhosis
7.8.5.8. Biliary cholangitis
7.8.5.9. Cholangiocarcinoma
7.8.5.10. Sclerosing cholangitis
7.8.5.11. Budd-Chiari syndrome
7.8.5.12. Wilson's disease
7.8.5.13. Hepatocellular carcinoma
7.8.6. Bowel diseases
7.8.6.1. Malabsorption
7.8.6.2. Inflammatory bowel disease
7.8.6.3. Mesenteric artery thrombosis
7.8.6.4. Celiac disease
7.8.6.5. Ischemic colitis
7.8.6.6. Acute intestinal obstmction
7.8.6.7. Diverticular disease
7.8.6.8. Colon polyps
7.8.6.9. Colorectal cancer
7.8.6.10. Hemorrhoidal disease
7.8.6.11. Angiodysplasia
7.8.6.12. Carcinoid syndrome
7.8.6.13. Acute intermittent porphyria
7.8.6.14. Endocrine syndromes
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Chapter 8. Excretory system
8.1. Functional anatomy and physiology of the
excretory system
8.1.1. Kidneys and their functions
8.1.1.1. Nephrons
8.1.2. Ureters and bladder
8.2. Interviewing the patient
8.2.1. Pain
8.2.2. Urinary disorders
8.2.3. Urination disorders
8.2.4. Changes in the physical characteristics of
urine
8.2.5. Edema
8.2.6. History taking
8.2.7. Life history
8.3. Physical examination
8.3Л. Kidney examination
8.3Л.1. Kidney percussion
8.3Л.2. Palpation of the kidneys
8.3Л.З. Determining of Pastematsky's sign
8.3.2. Examination of the bladder
8.3.2.1. Bladder percussion
8.3.2.2. Palpation of the fundus of the bladder
8.3.3. Examination of the ureters
8.3.3.1. Palpation along the ureters
8.3.4. Auscultation of the renal arteries
8.4. Additional investigation methods
8.4.1. Laboratory investigation methods
8.4.1.1. Total blood count
8.4.1.2. Biochemical blood test
8.4.1.3. Immunological studies
8.4.1.4. General urine test
8.4.1.5. Two-glass or three-glass Thompson test
8.4.1.6. Nechiporenko test
8.4.1.7. 24 h urine test
8.4.1.8. Urine osmolarity study
8.4.1.9. Evaluation of microalbuminuria
8.4.1.10. Bence-Jones protein study
8.4.1.11. Bacteriological examination
8.4.1.12. Zimnitsky's test
8.4.1.13. Estimation of glomerular hltration rate
8.4.2. Imaging methods of investigation
8.5. The main syndromes in diseases of the
urinary system
8.5.1. Renal colic
8.5.2. Nephrotic syndrome
8.5.3. Nephritis
8.5.4. Renal arterial hypertension
8.5.5. Renal eclampsia
8.5.6. Urinary tract infection
8.5.7. Renal failure syndrome
8.5.7.1. Pathogenesis
8.5.7.2. Acute renal failure
8.5.7.3. Chronic renal failure
8.6. Clinical pathology
8.6.1. Tubulointerstitial diseases
8.6.1.1. Toxic and metabolic nephropathies
8.6.1.2. Interstitial nephritis
8.6.2. Glomerular diseases (glomerulopathy)
8.6.2.1. Glomerulonephritis
8.6.2.2. Glomerulopathy
8.6.2.3. Inflammatory glomerulopathy-
glomerulonephritis
8.6.2.4. Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis
8.6.2.5. Acute diffuse glomerulonephritis
8.6.2.6. Chronic glomerulonephritis
8.6.2.7. Berger's disease
8.6.3. Kidney damage in arterial hypertension
(hypertensive nephropathy).
8.6.4. Diabetic nephropathy
8.6.5. Pyelonephritis
8.6.5.1. Etiology and pathogenesis
8.6.5.2. Acute pyelonephritis
8.6.5.3. Chronic pyelonephritis
8.6.6. Amyloidosis of the kidneys
8.6.7. Polycystic kidney disease
8.6.8. Urolithiasis
8.6.9. Obstructive uropathy
8.6.10. Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
8.6.11. Chronic kidney disease
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Answers
Chapter 9. Endocrine system
9.1. Diabetes mellitus
9.1.1. Pathogenetic basis of clinical symptoms and
syndromes of diabetes
mellitus
9.1.2. Classification of diabetes mellitus
9.1.3. Pathogenesis
9.1.4. Clinical features
9.1.4.1. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
9.1.4.2. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
9.1.5. Treatment of diabetes mellitus
9.1.5.1. Diet
9.1.5.2. Insulin
9.1.5.3. Hypoglycemic drugs
9.1.6. Hypoglycemia
9.1.7. Acute metabolic complications
9.1.7.1. Diabetic ketoacidosis
9.1.7.2. Hyperosmolar coma
9.1.8. Late complications of diabetes mellitus
9.1.8.1. Angiopathy
9.1.8.2. Retinopathy
9.1.8.3. Diabetic nephropathy
9.1.8.4. Diabetic neuropathy
9.1.8.5. Diabetic foot
9.2. Main syndromes and diseases of the thyroid
gland
9.2.1. Clinical evaluation
9.2.1.1. Evaluation of the act of swallowing
9.2.1.2. Palpation of the neck
9.2.1.3. Method of palpation of the thyroid gland
9.2.1.4. Percussion of retrosternal goiter
9.2.1.5. Auscultation of vascular bmit over the thyroid
mass
or goiter
9.2.1.6. Clinical status
9.2.2. Assessment of the functional state of the
thyroid gland
9.2.2.1. Hyperthyroidism
9.2.2.2. Hypothyroidism
9.2.3. Thyroid diseases
9.2.3.1. Thyroid hormone production
9.2.3.2. Goiter
9.2.3.3. Thyrotropin-secreting tumor
9.2.3.4. Hypothyroidism
9.2.4. The main syndromes and diseases of the
parathyroid glands
9.2.4.1. Regulation of calcium metabolism
9.2.4.2. Hypoparathyroidism
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Chapter 10. Diseases of the blood system
10.1. Functional anatomy and physiology
of the blood system
10.1.1. Blood cells and their functions
10.1.1.1. Erythrocytes
10.1.1.2. Leukocytes
10.1.1.3. Platelets
10.1.2. Red bone marrow
10.1.3. Spleen
10.1.4. Lymph nodes
10.1.5. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
10.1.6. Thymus
10.1.7. Hemostatic system
10.2. Physical examination of the patient with a
disease of the blood system .
10.2.1. The role of physical examination
10.2.2. Interviewing of the patient
10.2.2.1. Analysis of symptoms
10.2.2.2. History taking
10.2.3. Physical examination
10.2.3.1. General examination
10.2.3.2. Examination of the skin, its derivatives and
mucous
membranes
10.2.3.3. Lymph node examination
10.2.3.4. Examination of muscles, bones and joints
10.2.3.5. Examination of the spleen
10.2.4. Additional examination methods
10.2.4.1. Total blood count
10.2.4.2. The main types of abnormalities in the total
blood count ...
10.2.4.3. Blood reticulocyte count
10.2.4.4. Blood coagulation test
10.2.4.5. Bone marrow examination
10.3. The main syndromes in diseases of the blood
system
10.3.1. Anemic syndrome
10.3.2. Lymphadenopathy
10.3.3. Splenomegaly
10.3.4. Immunodeficiency syndrome
10.3.5. Leukemic infiltration syndrome
10.4. Special pathology
10.4.1. Anemia
10.4.1.1. Acute posthemorrhagic anemia
10.4.1.2. Iron deficiency anemia
10.4.1.3. Megaloblastic anemia
10.4.1.4. Hemolytic anemia
10.4.1.5. Anemia of chronic diseases
10.4.1.6. Aplastic anemia
10.4.2. Bleeding disorders
10.4.2.1. Hemorrhagic syndrome associated with
primary hemostasis
impairement
10.4.2.2. Diseases with damage to the vascular wall
10.4.3. Coagulation disorders
10.4.3.1. Hereditary coagulopathies
10.4.3.2. Rare hereditary bleeding disorders
10.4.3.3. Acquired coagulopathies
10.4.4. Hematological malignancies
10.4.4.1. Acute leukemia
10.4.4.2. Chronic myeloproliferative diseases
10.4.4.3. Chronic lymphoproliferative diseases
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Index